Strip forwarded headers (Forwarded, X-Forwarded-For, X-Real-Ip)
from requests originating from untrusted proxies at the HTTP
server level, reusing the existing proxy-protocol trusted-proxies
config. The clientip package is now a pure extraction helper;
context plumbing and middleware wrappers are removed.
Signed-off-by: Émile Ré <emile@getprobo.com>
